[astro-ph.EP] Earth and Venus represent two evolutionary outcomes arising from initially molten ‘magma ocean’ periods, followed by lifetimes of chemical and geophysical divergence. Their physics is common to all rocky planets and is accessible to simulations that adopt coupled interior-atmosphere modelling approaches.
Our understanding of planet histories and interpretation of current states is dependent on this modelling, yet existing codes vary in their approximations. Here, we present the first results from the Coupled atmospHere Interior modeL Intercomparison (CHILI) project; benchmarking planetary evolution codes in the context of Earth and Venus to identify key model sensitivities.
Our ‘nominal’ Earth models predict magma ocean solidification timescales within 4 Myr of thermal evolution, and are consistent with empirical constraints on Earth’s early history. Venus scenarios exhibit more diverse behaviours where prolonged magma ocean stages can be conditionally sustained for 50 Myr.
Cooling timescales correlate with initial hydrogen and carbon budgets, but model-specific treatments of volatile partitioning and vertical energy transport introduce substantial inter-model variance. Different parametrisations of mantle geodynamics, convection, melting curves, rheological properties, and radiative transfer give rise to divergent evolutionary behaviours.
Discrepancies in atmospheres generated by magma ocean outgassing underscore these differences, although C-H-O compositions with surface pressures exceeding 100 bar are favoured. This intercomparison identifies critical sensitivities in volatile partitioning, escape processes, mantle viscosity, and melting.
Validating these treatments is essential for enabling deep insight into the early histories of the Solar System’s terrestrial planets, and for drawing meaningful interpretations from ongoing observational exoplanet campaigns.
Harrison Nicholls, Joshua Krissansen-Totton, Tim Lichtenberg, Laura Schaefer, Keiko Hamano, Maxime Maurice, Henri Samuel, Alexandra Papesh, Carlos Ortiz-Quintana, Junellie Perez, Yamila Miguel, Denis Sergeev, Philipp Baumeister, Spanan Dash, Leoni Janssen, Jonathan Keathley, Alexandre de Larminat, Emmanuel Marcq, Lena Noack, Hugo Pelissard, Bo Peng, Emma Postolec, Ramses Ramirez, Mariana Sastre, Andrea Zorzi
Comments: Submitted to PSJ. 33 Pages and 18 Figures. Comments from the community are welcomed
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM); Geophysics (physics.geo-ph)
Cite as: arXiv:2606.24757 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2606.24757v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.24757
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Submission history
From: Harrison Nicholls
[v1] Tue, 23 Jun 2026 16:17:03 UTC (646 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.24757
Astrobiology, Earth, Venus,
