Continuum, CO And Water Vapour Maps Of The Orion Nebula. First Millimetre Spectral Imaging With Concerto
The millimetre spectrum of Galactic regions and galaxies is rich in continuum and molecular lines.
That diversity is mostly tackled by either broad-band photometry or high resolution heterodyne spectroscopy.
We aim to map the millimetre continuum emission of Galactic regions with a spectral resolution intermediate between broad-band photometry and heterodyne spectroscopy, enabling us to quickly cover large sky areas with spectroscopy. We report observations of the Orion Nebula with the CONCERTO instrument, which was installed at the APEX telescope focal plane from April 2021 to December 2023.
We find that the spectrum of Orion is dominated by dust emission with an emissivity index from 1.3 to 2.0 along with the strong CO(2-1) and H2O lines which are naturally separated from the continuum, thanks to CONCERTO spectral capabilities. Many regions show a strong free-free emission as well, at lower frequencies.
We demonstrate the spectral capabilities of CONCERTO at intermediate spectral resolution, with a frequency coverage from 130 to 310 GHz. A sensitivity of 200 mK is achieved in one second, for one beam and a 6 GHz frequency width, over an 18 arcmin diameter field-of-view, which is within a factor 3 of the expectations.
We show that we can spectrally disentangle the continuum from the CO line emission. The slope of the millimetre continuum is line-free mapped for the first time in Orion.
F.-X. Désert (1), J. F. Macías-Pérez (2), A. Beelen (3), A. Benoît (4), M. Béthermin (5), J. Bounmy (2), O. Bourrion (2), M. Calvo (4), A. Catalano (2), C. De Breuck (6), C. Dubois (3), C. A Durán (7), A. Fasano (3 and 17 and 18), J. Goupy (4), W. Hu (3 and 19), E. Ibar (9 and 10), G. Lagache (3), A. Lundgren (3), A. Monfardini (4), N. Ponthieu (1), D. Quinatoa (9), M. Van Cuyck (3), R. Adam (11), P. Ade (12), H. Ajeddig (13), S. Amarantidis (7), P. André (13), H. Aussel (13), S. Berta (8), A. Bongiovanni (7), D. Chérouvrier (2), M. De Petris (14), S. Doyle (12), E. F. C. Driessen (8), G. Ejlali (15), A. Ferragamo (14), A. Gomez (16), C. Hanser (2), S. Katsioli (20 and 21), F. Kéruzoré (22), C. Kramer (8), B. Ladjelate (7), S. Leclercq (8), J.-F. Lestrade (23), S. C. Madden (13), A. Maury (24 and 25), F. Mayet (2), A. Moyer-Anin (2), M. Muñoz-Echeverría (26), I. Myserlis (7), A. Paliwal (27), L. Perotto (2), G. Pisano (14), V. Revéret (13), A. J. Rigby (28), A. Ritacco (2), H. Roussel (31), F. Ruppin (32), M. Sánchez-Portal (7), S. Savorgnano (2), A. Sievers (7), C. Tucker (12), R. Zylka (8) ((1) Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France (2) Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France (3) Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), Marseille, France (4) Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, France (5) Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France (6) European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarzschild Straße 2, 85748 Garching, Germany (7) Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, E-18012, Granada, Spain (8) Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Grenoble, France (9) Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avda. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile (10) Millennium Nucleus for Galaxies (MINGAL) (11) Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France (12) School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK (13) Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (14) Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy (15) Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), School of Astronomy, Tehran, Iran (16) Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain (17) Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (18) Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain (19) Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukhwe Road, Bellville, 7535, South Africa (20) National Observatory of Athens, Institute for Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications and Remote Sensing, Ioannou Metaxa and Vasileos Pavlou GR-15236, Athens, Greece (21) Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy & Mechanics, Faculty of Physics, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR-15784 Zografos, Athens, Greece (22) High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA (23) LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC, 75014 Paris, France (24) Institute of Space Sciences (ICE), CSIC, Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain (25) ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain (26) IRAP, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, UT3-UPS,(Toulouse), France (27) Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Via dellaRicerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy (28) School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK (29) Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France (30) University of Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I, 69622 Villeurbanne, France)
Comments: 12 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables, submitted to Astron. & Astrophys
Subjects: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA); Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Cite as: arXiv:2504.20487 [astro-ph.GA] (or arXiv:2504.20487v1 [astro-ph.GA] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.20487
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Submission history
From: F.-Xavier Desert
[v1] Tue, 29 Apr 2025 07:25:42 UTC (2,095 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20487
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