Ocean Transform Faults Study Reveal Previously Unknown Part Of Earth’s Geological Carbon Cycle

Editor’s note: The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago was visited by the HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin aboard in 1832 and again by the HMS Challenger – the namesake for several space ships – in 1873. The famous polar research ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror visited in 1839 as have other great ships and leaders of exploration including Ernest Shackleton.

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Studying a rock is like reading a book. The rock has a story to tell, says Frieder Klein, an associate scientist in the Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry Department at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).

The rocks that Klein and his colleagues analyzed from the submerged flanks of the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago in the St. Paul’s oceanic transform fault, about 500 km off the coast of Brazil, tells a fascinating and previously unknown story about parts of the geological carbon cycle.

Transform faults, where tectonic plates move past each other, are one of three main plate boundaries on Earth and about 48,000 km in length globally, with the others being the global mid-ocean ridge system (about 65,000 km) and subduction zones (about 55,000 km).

Carbon cycling at mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones has been studied for decades. In contrast, scientists have paid relatively scant attention to CO₂ in oceanic transform faults. The transform faults were considered “somewhat boring” places for quite some time because of the low magmatic activity there, says Klein. “What we have now pieced together is that the mantle rocks that are exposed along these ocean transform faults represent a potentially vast sink for CO.,” he says.

Partial melting of the mantle releases CO₂ that becomes entrained in hydrothermal fluid, reacts with the mantle closer to the seafloor, and is captured there. This is a part of the geological carbon cycle that was not known before,” says Klein, lead author of a new journal study “Mineral Carbonation of Peridotite Fueled by Magmatic Degassing and Melt Impregnation in an Oceanic Transform Fault,” published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Because transform faults have not been accounted for in previous estimates of global geological CO₂ fluxes, the mass transfer of magmatic CO₂ to the altered oceanic mantle and seawater may be larger than previously thought.”

Soapstone (sample DR538-R1) composed of magnesite and talc from the St. Paul’s Transform Fault. a) Photograph of outcrop where sample was taken. b) Cut surface of soapstone hand sample. The dark-grey/black parts are relict serpentinite (chiefly composed of serpentine and magnetite) whereas the light grey to grey parts are composed of magnesite and talc in roughly equal volumetric proportions. c) Thin-section photomicrograph mosaic of sample DR538-R1 in plane polarized light. The yellowish areas are chiefly composed of talc, In the brownish area, finely intergrown talc and magnesite dominate. Late-stage composite carbonate veins cut the sample.

”The amount of CO₂ emitted at the transform faults is negligible compared to the amount of anthropogenic – or human driven – CO₂,” says Klein. “However, on geological timescales and before humans emitted so much CO₂, geological emissions from Earth’s mantle – including from transform faults – were a major driving force of Earth’s climate.”

As the paper states, “global anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are estimated to be on the order of 36 gigatons (Gt) per year, dwarfing estimates of average geological emissions (0.26 Gt per year) to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Yet, over geological timescales, emissions of CO₂ sourced from Earth’s mantle have been pivotal in regulating Earth’s climate and habitability, as well as the C [carbon]-concentration in surface reservoirs, including the oceans, atmosphere, and lithosphere.” Klein adds that “this is before anthropogenic combustion of fossil fuels, of course.”

“In order to fully understand modern human-caused climate change, we need to understand natural climate fluctuations in Earth’s deep past, which are tied to perturbations in Earth’s natural carbon cycle. Our work provides insights into long-timescale fluxes of carbon between Earth’s mantle and the ocean/atmosphere system,” says co-author Tim Schroeder, member of the faculty at Bennington College, Vermont. “Large changes in such carbon fluxes over millions of years have caused Earth’s climate to be much warmer or colder than it is today.”

Hyperspectral Raman maps of olivine-hosted secondary fluid inclusions containing magnesite, talc, and graphite. Note that all inclusions also contain methane. Sample DR538-R3. Width of the scale bar is 5 μm.

To better understand carbon cycling between Earth’s mantle and the ocean, Klein, Schroeder, and colleagues studied the formation of soapstone “and other magnesite-bearing assemblages during mineral carbonation of mantle peridotite” in the St. Paul’s transform fault, the paper notes. “Fueled by magmatism in or below the root zone of the transform fault and subsequent degassing, the fault constitutes a conduit for CO₂-rich hydrothermal fluids, while carbonation of peridotite represents a potentially vast sink for the emitted CO₂.”

The researchers argue in the paper that “the combination of low extents of melting, which generates melts enriched in incompatible elements, volatiles and particularly CO₂, and the presence of peridotite at oceanic transform faults creates conditions conducive to extensive mineral carbonation.”

The rocks were collected using human-occupied vehicles during a 2017 cruise to the area.

Finding and analyzing these rocks “was a dream come true. We had predicted the presence of carbonate-altered oceanic mantle rocks 12 years ago, but we couldn’t find them anywhere,” says Klein. “We went to the archipelago to explore for low-temperature hydrothermal activity, and we failed miserably in finding any such activity there. It was unbelievable that we were able to find these rocks in a transform fault, because we found them by chance while looking for something else.”

Funding for this research was provided by the Dalio Ocean Initiative, the Independent Research & Development Program at WHOI, and the National Science Foundation.

Mineral Carbonation of Peridotite Fueled by Magmatic Degassing and Melt Impregnation in an Oceanic Transform Fault, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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