The Response of Planetary Atmospheres to the Impact of Icy Comets III: Impact Driven Atmospheric Escape

In an Earth-analogue atmosphere, water vapour is a key carrier of hydrogen in the lower atmosphere with its transport above the tropopause controlling the atmospheric hydrogen escape rate.

On the Earth, this escape is limited by transport though the tropospheric cold trap where water vapour condenses. However, on a tidally-locked exoplanet, the strong day-night temperature gradient drives a global-scale circulation. This circulation could rapidly transport water through the cold trap, potentially increasing hydrogen escape and impacting the composition of potentially habitable worlds.

We couple cometary impact and planetary atmospheric models to simulate water-depositing impacts with both a tidally-locked and Earth-analogue atmosphere and quantify how atmospheric circulations transport water from the impact site to high altitudes where it can potentially drive escape.

The global nature of the atmospheric circulations on a tidally-locked world enhances hydrogen escape, with both our unimpacted tidally-locked and Earth-analogue atmospheres exhibiting similar mass loss rates despite the tidally-locked atmosphere being bpth cooler and drier near the surface. When considering the effects of a cometary impact, we find an order of magnitude difference in peak escape rates between impacts on the day-side (Φescape=1.33×10¹⁰molmth⁻¹) and night-side (Φescape=1.51×10⁹molmth⁻¹) of a tidally-locked atmosphere, with the latter being of the same order of magnitude as the peak escape rate found for an impact with an Earth-analogue atmosphere (Φescape=2.7×10⁹molmth⁻¹).

Our results show the importance of understanding the underlying atmospheric circulations when investigating processes, such as hydrogen escape, which depend upon the vertical advective mixing and transport.

Felix Sainsbury-Martinez, Greg Cooke, Catherine Walsh

Comments: Submitted to ApJ – 13 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as: arXiv:2512.09556 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2512.09556v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2512.09556
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Submission history
From: Felix Sainsbury-Martinez
[v1] Wed, 10 Dec 2025 11:51:40 UTC (1,793 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.09556

Astrobiology