![Super-Earth occurrence for Kepler (black circles) and K2 (gray circles), TESS data assuming all candidates are real (teal square), and 99.7% confidence intervals to calculate the upper limits for TESS data assuming all candidates are false positives (teal triangles) as a function of metallicity. The [-0.25,-0.5] bin occurrence rates are offset horizontally for visual clarity. The best-fit power-law trend line for the Kepler and K2 data (yellow) is displayed and extrapolated to [Fe/H]= -0.75 showing the 1-σ uncertainties (Zink et al. 2023). We show the combined best-fit exponential trend line for Kepler, K2, and TESS (purple) (eq. 6) including the 1-σ uncertainties. Each metallicity bin is indicated by gray dashed lines. Within the [-0.75,-1] bin, there is insufficient data to further constrain the super-Earth occurrence rate as a function of metallicity (denoted by the gray hatched region). -- astro-ph.EP](https://i0.wp.com/astrobiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-First-Evidence-of-a-Host.png?resize=1200%2C720&ssl=1)
Planet formation is expected to be severely limited in disks of low metallicity, owing to both the small solid mass reservoir and the low opacity accelerating the disk gas dissipation.
Super-Earths
![The plots of stellar metallicity ([Fe/H]) versus planetary orbital period for all transiting planets from the NASA exoplanet archive. Tranet stands for transiting planet. The transiting planets are split into four groups based on the multiplicity of their systems and are placed on four different panels. The two dotted vertical lines split the metallicity range into three metallicity regions, namely, sub-solar, solar, and super-solar. While low-multiplicity systems are evenly distributed across hosts of all metallicities there is a paucity of high-multiplicity systems around hosts of high metallicity indicating the effect of cold Jupiters on the inner planet multiplicity. -- astro-ph.EP](https://i0.wp.com/astrobiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Constraining-Planetary.png?resize=1200%2C717&ssl=1)
Posted inExoplanets, -moons, -comets, Gas Giants, Habitable Zones, Icy Worlds, Status Report, Water/Hycean Worlds & Oceanography
Constraining Planetary Formation Models Using Conditional Occurrences of Various Planet Types
We report the conditional occurrences between three planetary types: super-Earths (m sin i < 10 M⊕, P < 100 days), warm Jupiters (m sin i > 95 M⊕, 10 < […]
Posted inAtmospheres, Climate, Weather, Exoplanets, -moons, -comets, Status Report
Planetary Evolution With Atmospheric Photoevaporation II: Fitting The Slope Of The Radius Valley By Combining Boil-off And XUV-driven Escape
The Kepler satellite has revealed a gap between sub-Neptunes and super-Earths that atmospheric escape models had predicted as an evaporation valley.
Posted inAstronomy & Telescopes, Exoplanets, -moons, -comets, Imaging & Spectroscopy, Neptune, Status Report
A Super-Earth And A Mini-Neptune Near The 2:1 MMR Straddling The Radius Valley Around The Nearby Mid-M Dwarf TOI-2096
Several planetary formation models have been proposed to explain the observed abundance and variety of compositions of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes.
Posted inAtmospheres, Climate, Weather, Exoplanets, -moons, -comets, Habitable Zones, Press Release
Puffy Planets Can Lose Their Atmospheres And Become Super-Earths
If our solar system were a hobbyist kit, it would come boxed up with four rocky terrestrial planets, like Earth; and four gas giant planets like Jupiter.
Posted inBiosignatures & Paleobiology, Exoplanets, -moons, -comets, Habitable Zones, Press Release
The Demographics Of Kepler’s Earths And super-Earths Into The Habitable Zone
Understanding the occurrence of Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars is essential to the search for Earth analogues. Yet a lack of reliable Kepler detections for such […]
Posted inExoplanets, -moons, -comets, Press Release
Atmospheric Compositions And Observability Of Nitrogen Dominated Ultra-short Period Super-Earths
We explore the chemistry and observability of nitrogen dominated atmospheres for ultra-short-period super-Earths. We base the assumption, that super-Earths could have nitrogen filled atmospheres, on observations of 55 Cnc e […]