![Distribution of molecular detection yields for H2O and O2 under phase-dependent and fixed-SNR treatments. The phase-dependent treatment uses the molecular detection thresholds derived from the rfast phase-dependent SNR calculations, while the fixed-SNR control adopts constant molecular SNR thresholds of 5 for H2O and 8.5 for O2, following the values used by Morgan et al. (2022), within the same EXOSIMS observing configuration. Violin widths indicate the relative density of simulated mission yields, with the internal markers showing the central tendency and spread of each distribution. Relative to the fixedSNR treatment, the phase-dependent treatment increases the mean molecular detection yield by 76.8 percent for H2O and 29.7 percent for O2.-- [astro-ph.EP]](https://i0.wp.com/astrobiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/11/From-Exo-Earth.png?fit=1200%2C676&ssl=1)
[astro-ph.EP] Detection and characterization of Earth-like worlds is a primary science goal for the upcoming NASA flagship Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO).
The HWO mission will be the first of its kind to specifically search for Earth-like worlds around Sun-like stars and characterize their atmospheres to identify potential biosignatures.
A mission with such ambitious science goals thus requires equally robust and physically realistic simulation tools. In this work, we extend the realism of the EXOSIMS framework by incorporating phase-dependent biosignature detectability.
We use the spectral retrieval tool rfast to determine the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to detect atmospheric O2 and H2O as a function of planetary phase and incorporate these requirements directly into EXOSIMS characterization integration-time calculations.
Although the required molecular detection SNR decreases toward increasingly crescent phases, successful molecular detections are concentrated at intermediate phase angles, demonstrating the competing effects of molecular information content and direct-imaging observability. Relative to fixed characterization thresholds of SNR = 5 for H2O and SNR = 8.5 for O2, the phase-dependent treatment increases mean molecular detection yield by 76.8 percent for H2O and 29.7 percent for O2.
Ultimately, we provide a framework that improves simulation fidelity, increases the realism of EXOSIMS as we expand to assess additional biosignatures in future work, and marries detection and characterization in yield modeling as we look to the future with HWO.
Searra Foote, Tyler D. Robinson, Rhonda Morgan, Dmitry Savransky, Mario Damiano, Armen Tokadjian
Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures, 1 table. Submitted to The Astrophysical Journal (ApJ)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
Cite as: arXiv:2611.10342 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2611.10342v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2611.10342
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Submission history
From: Searra Foote
[v1] Sat, 7 Nov 2026 00:19:21 UTC (825 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.10342
Astrobiology
