Exoplanets & Exomoons

Mutual Occurrence Ratio of Planets. I. New Clues to Reveal Origins of Hot- and Warm-Jupiter from the RV Sample

By Keith Cowing

Status Report

astro-ph.EP

April 20, 2024

Filed under astro-ph.EP, atmosphere, cold Jupiters, CORALIE, exoplanet, HARPS, hot-Jupiter, planetary occurrence rates, radial velocity, warm-Jupiters

Mutual Occurrence Ratio of Planets. I. New Clues to Reveal Origins of Hot- and Warm-Jupiter from the RV Sample — Overview of our samples. (a): the distribution of orbital period and stellar mass(p-𝑀∗) of all samples, the colors denote the equilibrium temperature of each giant planet (from blue to red corresponds to 100 K to 4000K, where pink dotted line and dark blue dotted line mark the position of 0.1𝑎snow and 1.0𝑎snow of different host stars; (b): the distribution of planetary mass and effective temperature of host star( 𝑚p-𝑇eff) of our giant planets samples, detection completeness shown as color contours from 0.0 to 1.0 in steps of 0.1. — astro-ph.EP

Many studies have analyzed planetary occurrence rates and their dependence on the host’s properties to provide clues to planet formation, but few have focused on the mutual occurrence ratio of different kinds of planets.

Such relations reveal whether and how one type of planet evolves into another, e.g. from a cold Jupiter to a warm or even hot Jupiter, and demonstrate how stellar properties impact the evolution history of planetary systems. We propose a new classification of giant planets, i.e. cold Jupiter (CJ), warm Jupiter (WJ), and hot Jupiter (HJ), according to their position relative to the snow line in the system.

Then, we derive their occurrence rates(η_HJ, η_WJ, η_CJ) with the detection completeness of RV (Radial Velocity) surveys (HARPS & CORALIE) considered. Finally, we analyze the correlation between the mutual occurrence ratios, i.e. η_CJ/ η_WJ, η_CJ/η_HJ or η_WJ/η_HJ, and various stellar properties, e.g. effective temperature T_eff. Our results show that the η_HJ, η_WJ and η_CJ are increasing with the increasing Teff when Teff∈(4600,6600]K.

Furthermore, the mutual occurrence ratio between CJ and WJ, i.e. η_CJ/ η_WJ, shows a decreasing trend with the increasing T_eff. But, both η_CJ/η_HJ and η_WJ/η_HJ are increasing when the Teff increases. Further consistency tests reveal that the formation processes of WJ and HJ may be dominated by orbital change mechanisms rather than the in-situ model. However, unlike WJ, which favors gentle disk migration, HJ favors a more violent mechanism that requires further investigation.

The boundary between hot and warm Jupiters. (a) Distribution of normalized semi-major axis (𝑎_p/𝑎_snow) .vs. planetary mass (𝑀_J) of giant planets detected by RV surveys. According to the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), all the giant planets inside the snow line, i.e. 𝑎_p/𝑎_snow ≤ 1.0, could be divided into two clusters by a boundary around 𝑎_p/𝑎_snow ∼ 0.08 − 1.0. (b) Histogram of normalized semi-major axes of all the giant planets inside the snow line. There is a valley around 𝑎_p/𝑎_snow ∼ 0.1. This valley also existed in Kepler-detected giant planets candidates, More details are in the appendix D. — astro-ph.EP

Xiang-Ning Su, Hui Zhang, Ji-Lin Zhou

Comments: 14 pages, 11 figures,accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as: arXiv:2404.11005 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2404.11005v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
Journal reference: 2024MNRAS.529.3958S
Related DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae733
Focus to learn more
Submission history
From: Xiangning Su
[v1] Wed, 17 Apr 2024 02:31:52 UTC (566 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.11005

Astrobiology

Keith Cowing

Explorers Club Fellow, ex-NASA Space Station Payload manager/space biologist, Away Teams, Journalist, Lapsed climber, Synaesthete, Na’Vi-Jedi-Freman-Buddhist-mix, ASL, Devon Island and Everest Base Camp veteran, (he/him) 🖖🏻

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