Exoplanetology: Exoplanets & Exomoons

Atmospheric Gravitational Tides Of Earth-like Planets Orbiting Low-mass Stars

By Keith Cowing

astro-ph.EP

July 14, 2022

Filed under exoplanets

Atmospheric Gravitational Tides Of Earth-like Planets Orbiting Low-mass Stars — Equatorial atmospheric temperature structure. Temperature (color contours) and isobars (black contours), averaged for 5◦S–5◦N, are shown as a function of longitude and altitude for a simulated Proxima b with a 1 bar, N2–dominated atmosphere. Simulations without a gravitational tide (left), with a Umax (middle), and with a 10 × Umax (right) gravitational tide are shown. The bottom plots show the average (color contours) and standard deviation (black contours) of the temperature difference between the case with and without tides over four years. The grey shaded area shows the location of H2O clouds (≥ 20 ppm). The average atmospheric temperature caused by the Umax tide rarely exceeds 1 K, whereas the 10 × Umax tide causes a change of temperature up to 10 K, in particular near the surface on the nightside. These changes in temperature do not affect the formation of dayside clouds, and thus do not create any radiative cloud feedback. The Weak Temperature Gradient (WTG) theory still holds for the Umax tide but starts to break down for a 10 × Umax tide.

Temperate terrestrial planets orbiting low-mass stars are subject to strong tidal forces. The effects of gravitational tides on the solid planet and that of atmospheric thermal tides have been studied, but the direct impact of gravitational tides on the atmosphere itself has so far been ignored.

We first develop a simplified analytic theory of tides acting on the atmosphere of a planet. We then implement gravitational tides into a general circulation model of a static-ocean planet in a short-period orbit around a low-mass star — the results agree with our analytic theory.

Because atmospheric tides and solid-body tides share a scaling with the semi-major axis, we show that there is a maximum amplitude of the atmospheric tide that a terrestrial planet can experience while still having a solid surface; Proxima Centauri b is the poster child for a planet that could be geophysically Earth-like but with atmospheric tides more than 500× stronger than Earth’s. In this most extreme scenario, we show that atmospheric tides significantly impact the planet’s meteorology — but not its climate.

Two possible modest climate impacts are enhanced longitudinal heat transport and cooling of the lowest atmospheric layers. The strong radiative forcing of such planets dominates over gravitational tides, unlike moons of cold giant planets, such as Titan.

We speculate that atmospheric tides could be climatologically important on planets where the altitude of maximal tidal forcing coincides with the altitude of cloud formation and that the effect could be detectable for non-Earth-like planets subject to even greater tides.

Thomas Navarro, Timothy M. Merlis, Nicolas B. Cowan, Natalya Gomez

Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as: arXiv:2207.06974 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2207.06974v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
Submission history
From: Thomas Navarro Mr
[v1] Thu, 14 Jul 2022 14:55:29 UTC (1,775 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.06974
Astrobiology,

Keith Cowing

Explorers Club Fellow, ex-NASA Space Station Payload manager/space biologist, Away Teams, Journalist, Lapsed climber, Synaesthete, Na’Vi-Jedi-Freman-Buddhist-mix, ASL, Devon Island and Everest Base Camp veteran, (he/him) 🖖🏻

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