Formation of Hydroxy, Cyano and Ethynyl Derivatives of C4H4 isomers in the Interstellar Medium
The study of cyclic hydrocarbons is of utmost relevance in current astrochemical research, as they are considered to be among the most significant reservoirs of carbon in the interstellar medium.
However, while unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons with three, five, and six carbon atoms have been widely investigated, the highly strained antiaromatic cyclobutadiene, c-C4H4, still remains uncharted.
Here, we employed high-level CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12//B2PLYPD3/aug-cc-pVTZ theoretical calculations to analyze whether the cyano (CN), ethynyl (CCH), and hydroxy (OH) derivatives of c-C4H4 and its structural isomers butatriene (H2CCCCH2) and vinylacetylene (H2CCHCCH) can readily form via the gas-phase reaction: C4H4 + X -> C4H3X + H (where X = CN, CCH, and OH).
For each system, we thoroughly explored the corresponding potential energy surfaces, identifying their critical points to enable a detailed analysis of the thermochemistry. Hence, we found various exothermic pathways for the formation of CN and CCH derivatives of butatriene and vinylacetylene, with no net activation barriers, while the formation of the OH derivatives is in general less favorable.
Prior to the mechanistic study, we also analyzed the complete conformational panorama and stability of all the derivatives at the CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 level. Overall, c-C4H3CN and c-C4H3CCH emerge as particularly promising candidates for interstellar detection, provided that the parental c-C4H4 is present in the gas phase.
These findings highlight the potential for detecting polar derivatives of c-C4H4 as indirect evidence of its presence in the ISM, as it appears to be “invisible” to radioastronomical observations. Also, this study underscores the need for future laboratory and theoretical efforts to characterize the spectroscopic properties of the proposed derivatives, paving the way for their eventual identification in space.
Image
Relative energies (in kcal mol−1 ) for the stationary points located along the gas phase reaction of cyclobutadiene with hydroxyl, cyano, and ethynyl radicals computed at the CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12//B2PLYPD3/aug-cc-pVTZ level. ZPV energies included. — astro-ph.GA
Mario Largo, Miguel Sanz-Novo, Pilar Redondo
Comments: Accepted for publication in PCCP
Subjects: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
Cite as: arXiv:2505.03321 [astro-ph.GA] (or arXiv:2505.03321v1 [astro-ph.GA] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.03321
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Related DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CP00781J
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Submission history
From: Miguel Sanz-Novo
[v1] Tue, 6 May 2025 08:49:20 UTC (7,620 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03321
Astrobiology, Astrochemistry,
