Planets And Planetesimals At Cosmic Dawn: Vortices As Planetary Nurseries
Low-mass, metal-enriched stars were likely present as early as cosmic dawn. In this work, we investigate whether these stars could have hosted planets in their protoplanetary disks.
If so, these would have been the first planets to form in the Universe, emerging in systems with metallicities much lower than solar. In the core accretion model, planetesimals serve as the building blocks of planets, meaning that planetesimal formation is a prerequisite for planet formation. In a non-structured disk, planetesimal formation typically requires near-solar metallicities according to our current understanding. However, mechanisms that concentrate solid material can significantly lower this metallicity threshold.
Here, we explore whether vortices can facilitate the formation of the first planets and planetesimals at cosmic dawn. Vortices are prime sites for planetesimal formation due to their ability to efficiently trap and concentrate dust. We conduct simulations spanning a range of metallicities, and identify a metallicity threshold at Z >=~ 0.04 Zsun for planetesimal formation.
If these planetesimals remain inside the vortex long enough to accrete the remaining trapped solids, Mercury-mass planets can form. The formation of Mars-mass planets or larger requires a metallicity of Z >=~ 0.08 Zsun. These results assume a low level of disk turbulence, with higher turbulence levels leading to higher metallicity thresholds.
Linn E.J. Eriksson, Shyam Menon, Daniel Carrera, Wladimir Lyra, Blakesley Burkhart
Comments: Submitted to MNRAS – comments welcome
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
Cite as: arXiv:2503.11877 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2503.11877v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.11877
Focus to learn more
Submission history
From: Linn Eriksson
[v1] Fri, 14 Mar 2025 21:04:32 UTC (2,792 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.11877
astrobiology
